Sperm can be collected, frozen, and stored for future use. This is often done before medical treatments that might affect fertility such as cancer treatments or surgery on the testes. It can also be done for men who are geographically in different locations from their partners for prolonged durations. The process is simple and the sperm remains safely stored in liquid nitrogen until needed.

Sexual dysfunction in men can contribute to fertility challenges. The most common issues include erectile dysfunction and ejaculatory problems, which can make regular intercourse or timed intercourse difficult.There are several effective treatment options depending on the cause. These may include lifestyle changes, counselling, medications, or specific medical interventions. A proper evaluation helps identify whether the issue is psychological, physical, or a combination of both, so that appropriate treatment can be planned.

Sexual dysfunction can affect a woman’s ability to conceive. One of the most common situations seen in fertility clinics is an unconsummated marriage, which may be due to fear of intercourse or pain during intercourse. There are effective treatments available. Counselling combined with the use of serial dilators often helps in overcoming fear or discomfort. Painful intercourse, however, requires a more detailed evaluation, as it may overlap with other fertility conditions such as endometriosis.

PGT is a specialized procedure where a few cells are gently removed from an embryo (created during IVF) and analyzed in the lab. This helps check for chromosomal abnormalities or specific genetic conditions before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. The goal is to select the healthiest embryos, improving the chances of pregnancy and reducing the risk of chromosomal or genetic disease. The testing itself does not harm the embryo, and only embryos found to be normal are considered for transfer. There are different types of PGT based on the couples profile and genetic background. PGT can also be performed by a non-invasive method. The medium that surrounds a growing embryo can be analysed for certain types of protein and their patterns. This also gives information about the genetic and chromosomal patterns of the embryos.

Semen donation is an option for men who are unable to provide viable sperm due to low count, poor motility, or genetic conditions. In this process, sperm from a healthy, screened donor is used for fertility treatments such as IUI or IVF. This helps couples achieve pregnancy.

Blood tests are an essential part of fertility evaluation, as they measure hormone levels that regulate ovulation, egg development, and overall reproductive health. These tests help identify potential causes of infertility and guide personalized treatment plans. Common hormonal tests include FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone), LH (Luteinizing Hormone), Estradiol, AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone), Prolactin, Thyroid Hormone, Testosterone. These tests are typically done through a simple blood draw, which is quick, minimally invasive, and requires no downtime.

Egg freezing is a way for women to preserve their fertility for the future. The process begins with a thorough evaluation, including medical history, fertility tests (such as hormonal blood work, ovarian reserve assessment, pelvic ultrasound, and semen analysis if needed), and lifestyle review to guide individualized planning. Preparation may involve supplements or medications to enhance egg and sperm quality. This is followed by ovarian stimulation, where daily hormone injections are given for around 10–12 days to encourage the growth of multiple eggs, monitored through scans and blood tests. Once the eggs reach the ideal size, a trigger injection is administered to mature them in preparation for retrieval. The eggs are then collected through a short procedure called ovum pickup, performed under general anesthesia using ultrasound guidance. This typically takes 20–30 minutes, and most women return home the same day with only mild cramping or bloating. The collected eggs are frozen using a rapid-freezing technique called vitrification, allowing them to be stored for future use. Many women choose egg freezing to delay pregnancy or before undergoing medical treatments like chemotherapy that could impact fertility.

This is a simple, non-invasive test used to assess sperm count, motility (movement), and morphology (shape), along with other parameters like volume and pH. A semen sample is usually collected through ejaculation and then analyzed in the lab to help understand male fertility potential.

This treatment uses medicines to stimulate the ovaries to grow and release eggs - especially helpful for women who don’t ovulate regularly, such as those with PCOS. Medications like clomiphene citrate or letrozole are started on Day 2 or 3 of the menstrual cycle, and the growth of eggs is monitored through ultrasound scans. When the eggs are ready, an injection may be given to trigger ovulation at the right time. The process usually takes 10–14 days, and most women can continue their normal routines throughout. Some women may experience temporary side effects such as bloating, breast heaviness, or mood changes. These are generally mild and self-limited.

Egg donation is recommended when a woman cannot use her own eggs due to low ovarian reserve, poor egg quality, or certain genetic conditions. In this process, eggs are retrieved from a healthy, screened donor and fertilized with the partner’s sperm through IVF/ICSI. The resulting embryos are then transferred to the woman’s uterus. Egg donation offers women, including those of advanced maternal age, a chance to achieve pregnancy and have a healthy baby.

Pelvic ultrasound is performed by the transvaginal route. It is used to visualize the ovaries, uterus, and other pelvic structures. It helps assess reproductive health even before starting fertility treatments, detect fibroids or cysts, monitor follicle growth during treatments, and guide procedures like egg retrieval. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and usually takes only a few minutes.

Once a semen sample is collected, it is processed (or “washed”) in the lab to separate healthy, motile sperm from other components. This prepared sample is then used for fertility treatments such as IUI or IVF.

An IUI cycle has two key components: ovarian stimulation and the IUI procedure itself. Ovarian stimulation begins on the 2nd or 3rd day of the menstrual cycle and typically involves 10–12 days of tablets and/or injections to help the ovaries produce multiple eggs. Once the eggs are ready, ovulation is triggered with an injection, and the IUI procedure is scheduled. During the IUI procedure, sperm that has been washed and concentrated is placed directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation. This brings more sperm closer to the egg, improving the chances of fertilization. IUI is recommended for mild male infertility, unexplained infertility, mild endometriosis, or PCOS. It can also be useful in situations where intercourse is difficult or when the husband is traveling or experiencing sexual dysfunction. The procedure is quick and usually painless, with no downtime - most women can resume normal activities immediately. Some may experience mild side effects like cramping, bloating, breast heaviness, or mood changes, which are generally temporary and self-limited.

Tubal testing evaluates whether the fallopian tubes are open, which is essential for spontaneous conception. The tubes can be tested by hysterosalpingogram (HSG) or sonosalpingography (SSG). A dye or saline is introduced into the uterus and imaging is done. The test is usually brief, with minor cramping possible for a few hours afterward. Most women can resume normal activities the same day.

In some IVF/ICSI cycles all the embryos that have been created will be frozen (freeze all cycle), this may be done when there is a risk of hyperstimulation or the hormonal levels are not favourable or the endometrium does not look receptive for implantation. Excess embryos created during IVF can also be frozen and stored for future use. This allows couples to try again without going through a full IVF cycle each time. Embryos are frozen using advanced techniques like vitrification and safely stored in liquid nitrogen. The chances of pregnancy are unaffected by freezing.

Embryo donation is an option for couples who cannot use their own egg and sperm. In this process, embryos created by another donor couple are transferred to the recipient’s uterus. This allows couples to experience pregnancy and parenthood even when using their own genetic material is not possible.

Some men do not have any sperms in the semen that is ejaculated or they may have certain medical conditions which prevent ejaculation. In these cases sperm can be obtained directly from the testicles (TESA: Testicular Sperm Aspiration) or from the epididymis (PESA: Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration). Both are minor procedures done with a fine needle under local anesthesia, sometimes with light sedation. The process usually takes about 20–30 minutes and does not require hospital admission. After the procedure, men may experience mild soreness, swelling, or bruising at the site for a day or two, but this settles quickly with simple pain relief if needed. Most men are able to return to normal work and routine activities within 24 hours, while heavy exercise, cycling, or sexual activity is usually avoided for 2–3 days after the procedure.

IVF & ICSI are advanced fertility treatments designed to help couples conceive when natural conception is difficult. IVF involves fertilizing eggs with sperm in a lab, while ICSI involves the injection of a single sperm directly injected into each egg. The choice between IVF and ICSI is made individually, based on factors such as sperm quality, previous fertilization outcomes, and how many eggs are retrieved. Both treatments follow a structured process to maximize the chances of a healthy pregnancy.

Surrogacy involves another woman (the surrogate) carrying a pregnancy for the intended parents. In India, surrogacy is strictly regulated: only altruistic (non-commercial) surrogacy is permitted for married couples, and there are legal requirements regarding eligibility, medical screening, and documentation. Surrogacy can be an option when a woman cannot carry a pregnancy due to medical reasons, providing a path to parenthood.

Ovarian reserve testing evaluates both the quantity of a woman’s eggs, providing important insight into her fertility potential. These tests help us understand how the ovaries are likely to respond to fertility treatments, guide personalized plans and estimate the chances of success. Common tests include AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone), FSH, Estradiol levels, and Antral Follicle Count (AFC) Ovarian reserve testing is quick, safe, and minimally invasive. The blood tests and ultrasound are straightforward, with no downtime, allowing women to continue their daily activities immediately.

Hysteroscopy is a minimally invasive procedure where a thin, lighted camera (hysteroscope) is passed through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. It is usually done under anesthesia. It allows the doctor to directly view the inside of the uterine cavity and, if needed, treat problems such as polyps, fibroids, adhesions, or a uterine septum in the same sitting. No cuts or stitches are required. Most women go home the same day. It’s common to have mild cramping or light spotting for a few days. Normal daily activity can usually be resumed the next day, though doctors may advise avoiding intercourse or tampon use for a few days to reduce infection risk.

Laparoscopy is a keyhole surgery done under general anesthesia. A small cut (usually near the belly button) is made, and a telescope attached to a camera to view the pelvic organs. Through additional tiny incisions, instruments can be used to treat conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, fibroids, or blocked fallopian tubes. Because it provides both diagnosis and treatment, laparoscopy is often used in fertility care. Women usually go home the same day or after an overnight stay. It’s common to feel mild abdominal discomfort, bloating, or shoulder tip pain (from the gas used to inflate the abdomen) for a few days. Most women return to normal activity and work within 5–7 days, but heavy lifting and vigorous exercise are best avoided for 2 weeks.